![]() NIR organic dyes in particular also benefit from biocompatibility and relatively simple conjugation methods that can be used on a variety of different substrates, including proteins and polymers. Since biological pigments like lipopigments and porphyrins are autofluorescent between 650 and 950 nm 5, 11, 12, and water strongly absorbs light between 13 nm 8, 13, fluorophores that lie within the second NIR range (NIR-II) from 1000 to 1350 nm specifically benefit from low cross-contamination and increased tissue penetration, permitting deep-tissue imaging and sensing applications (Table 1). These fluorophores span wavelengths throughout the NIR window from 700 to 1350 nm 8, 9, 10. ![]() ![]() A variety of near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores, such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), quantum dots (QDs), inorganic nanoparticles, fluorescent proteins, and dyes, have been specifically developed for imaging and optical sensing applications 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. ![]()
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